Integrated circuit for multiple patterning lithography, a computing system and a computer-implemented method for designing an integrated circuit

ABSTRACT

An integrated circuit includes: a lower layer including first and second lower patterns extending in a first direction; a first via arranged on the first lower pattern, and a second via arranged on the second lower pattern; a first upper pattern arranged on the first via; and a second upper pattern arranged on the second via, a first color is assigned to the first upper pattern, a second color is assigned to the second upper pattern, the first and second upper patterns are adjacent to each other in a second direction, and the first via is arranged in a first edge region of the first lower pattern, the first edge region being farther away from the second lower pattern than a second edge region of the first lower pattern, the second edge region being opposite to the first edge region.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to Korean PatentApplication No. 10-2016-0172894, filed on Dec. 16, 2016, in the KoreanIntellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated byreference herein in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The inventive concept relates to an integrated circuit, and moreparticularly, to an integrated circuit for multiple patterninglithography (MPL), a computing system and a computer-implemented methodfor designing an integrated circuit.

DISCUSSION OF RELATED ART

As integrated circuits pack more circuitry into smaller footprints, gapsbetween adjacent patterns have shrunk. In such an integrated circuit, aplurality of patterns included in a layer may be formed by using aplurality of masks rather than a single mask. A patterning technologyusing a plurality of masks is referred to as multiple patterninglithography (MPL). To apply MPL, color decomposition is performed. Incolor decomposition, colors are assigned to a plurality of patterns.

SUMMARY

According to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, there isprovided an integrated circuit including: a lower layer including firstand second lower patterns extending in a first direction; a first viaarranged on the first lower pattern, and a second via arranged on thesecond lower pattern; and an upper layer including first and secondupper patterns, wherein the first upper pattern is arranged on the firstvia, the second upper pattern is arranged on the second via, a firstcolor is assigned to the first upper pattern, a second color is assignedto the second upper pattern, and the first and second upper patterns areadjacent to each other in a second direction perpendicular to the firstdirection, wherein a width of the first lower pattern in the seconddirection is greater than a width of the first via in the seconddirection, and the first via is arranged in a first edge region of thefirst lower pattern, the first edge region being farther away from thesecond lower pattern than a second edge region of the first lowerpattern, the second edge region being opposite to the first edge region.

According to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, there isprovided a semiconductor device including: a substrate; a lower wiringlayer including a left pattern and a right pattern arranged on thesubstrate to extend in a first direction; a first via arranged on a leftedge region of the left pattern, and a second via arranged on a rightedge region of the right pattern; and an upper wiring layer includingfirst and second upper patterns extending in a second directionperpendicular to the first direction and adjacent to each other in thesecond direction, wherein the first upper pattern is formed on the firstvia and the second upper pattern is formed on the second via.

According to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, there isprovided a computer-implemented method for designing an integratedcircuit, the method including: placing standard cells based on designdata defining the integrated circuit, wherein a width of at least one ofa first lower pattern and a second lower pattern which are included in alower layer of the placed standard cells is greater than a width of theother lower pattern included in the lower layer, wherein the first andsecond lower patterns extend in a first direction; generating a layoutof the integrated circuit by performing routing in which first andsecond vias are respectively arranged on the first and second lowerpatterns, and first and second upper patterns are respectively arrangedon the first and second vias, to be adjacent to each other in a seconddirection perpendicular to the first direction; and storing thegenerated layout to a computer-readable storage medium, wherein thegenerating of the layout comprises at least one of arranging the firstvia on a first edge region of the first lower pattern, the first edgeregion being farther away from the second lower pattern than a secondedge region of the first lower pattern, the second edge region beingopposite to the first edge region, and arranging the second via on athird edge region of the second lower pattern, the third edge regionbeing farther away from the first lower pattern than a fourth edgeregion of the second lower pattern, the fourth edge region beingopposite to the third edge region.

According to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, there isprovided a computing system for designing an integrated circuit, thesystem including: a memory configured to store procedures for designingthe integrated circuit; and a processor configured to access the memoryand to execute the procedures, wherein the procedures include: a placerconfigured to place standard cells based on design data defining theintegrated circuit, wherein a width of at least one of a first lowerpattern and a second lower pattern which are included in a lower layerof the placed standard cells and extend in a first direction, is greaterthan a width of the other lower pattern included in the lower layer; anda router configured to perform a routing in which first and second viasare respectively arranged on the first and second lower patterns, andfirst and second upper patterns are respectively arranged on the firstand second vias to be adjacent to each other in a second directionperpendicular to the first direction, wherein the router is configuredto arrange the first via on a first edge region of the first lowerpattern, the first edge region being farther away from the second lowerpattern than a second edge region of the first lower pattern, the secondedge region being opposite to the first edge region, or arrange thesecond via on a third edge region of the second lower pattern, the thirdedge region being farther away from the first lower pattern than afourth edge region of the second lower pattern, the fourth edge regionbeing opposite to the third edge region.

According to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, there isprovided a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device, the methodbeing performed at least partially by a processor, and including:placing standard cells based on design data defining the integratedcircuit, wherein a width of at least one of a first lower pattern and asecond lower pattern included in a lower layer of the placed standardcells, and extending in a first direction, is greater than a width ofthe other lower pattern included in the lower layer; generating a layoutof the integrated circuit by performing a routing in which first andsecond vias are respectively arranged on the first and second lowerpatterns, and first and second upper patterns are respectively arrangedon the first and second vias, to be adjacent to each other in a seconddirection perpendicular to the first direction; and manufacturing thesemiconductor device based on the generated layout, wherein thegenerating of the layout comprises at least one of arranging the firstvia on a first edge region of the first lower pattern, the first edgeregion being farther away from the second lower pattern than a secondedge region of the first lower pattern, the second edge region beingopposite to the first edge region, and arranging the second via on athird edge region of the second lower pattern, the third edge regionbeing farther away from the first lower pattern than a fourth edgeregion of the second lower pattern, the fourth edge region beingopposite to the third edge region.

According to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, there isprovided an integrated circuit including: first and second patternsextending lengthwise in a first direction; a first via disposed on thefirst pattern; a second via disposed on the second pattern, wherein adistance separating the first and second vias in a second directioncrossing the first direction is greater than a distance separating thefirst and second patterns from each other in the second direction; athird pattern disposed on the first via, wherein the third pattern has afirst color; and a fourth pattern disposed on the second via, whereinthe fourth pattern has a second color.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other features of the inventive concept will be moreclearly understood by describing in detail exemplary embodiments thereofwith reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a method of manufacturing a semiconductordevice according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept;

FIG. 2A shows an integrated circuit according to a comparativeembodiment;

FIGS. 2B and 2C show integrated circuits according to exemplaryembodiments of the inventive concept;

FIG. 3 shows an integrated circuit according to an exemplary embodimentof the inventive concept;

FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C show integrated circuits including a layer formarking a location of lower patterns, on which a via may be arranged,according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept;

FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C are layouts for describing a routing operationaccording to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept;

FIGS. 6A, 6B and 6C are layouts for describing a routing operationaccording to a comparative embodiment;

FIG. 7 shows a standard cell according to an exemplary embodiment of theinventive concept;

FIG. 8 is an integrated circuit layout according to an exemplaryembodiment of the inventive concept;

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view taken along a line IX-IX′ of FIG. 8according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept;

FIG. 10 is a flowchart of a method of designing an integrated circuit,according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept;

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a computing system for designing anintegrated circuit, according to an exemplary embodiment of theinventive concept;

FIG. 12 shows a program stored in a memory of FIG. 11 according to anexemplary embodiment of the inventive concept;

FIG. 13 is a flowchart of a method of designing an integrated circuit,according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept;

FIG. 14 shows a layout generated by using color decomposition withrespect to a quadruple patterning lithography (QPL) layer, according toan exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept;

FIGS. 15, 16 and 17 are flowcharts of methods of color decomposition,respectively, according to exemplary embodiments of the inventiveconcept;

FIG. 18 shows a case in which a layout generated according to anexemplary embodiment of the inventive concept is re-used for otherexposure apparatuses;

FIGS. 19A, 19B and 19C show integrated circuits to which QPL is applied,according to exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept; and

FIG. 20 shows a computer-readable storage medium according to anexemplary embodiment of the inventive concept.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concept willbe described in detail by referring to the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a method of manufacturing a semiconductordevice, according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept.

Referring to FIG. 1, in operation S100, standard cells are placed basedon design data that defines an integrated circuit (hereinafter, referredto as “design data”). A width of at least one of a first lower patternand a second lower pattern included in a lower layer of the placedstandard cells, may be greater than a width of the other lower patternincluded in the lower layer. For example, the lower layer may be a firstmetal layer. Further, the first and/or second lower pattern may extendin a first direction.

In operation S120, a layout of the integrated circuit may be generatedby performing routing with respect to the placed standard cells. Forexample, the routing may be performed such that vias are arranged onfirst patterns of the placed standard cells, and second patterns arearranged on the arranged vias. The first patterns may be included in afirst layer and the second patterns may be included in a second layer.According to the present embodiment, the vias may be arranged on edgeregions of the first patterns, respectively. Accordingly, a spacebetween the second patterns which are arranged on the same track may beequal to or greater than a minimum space between patterns to whichdifferent colors are assigned. This feature will be described later withreference to FIGS. 2A through 2C.

In operation S140, color decomposition is performed on a generatedlayout. In color decomposition, colors are assigned to patterns includedin a multiple patterning lithography (MPL) layer. For example, thesecond layer may be a quadruple patterning lithography (QPL) layer towhich QPL is to be applied. In this case, first through fourth colorsmay be assigned to the second patterns of the second layer. As anotherexample, the second layer may be a triple patterning lithography (TPL)layer to which TPL is to be applied. In this case, first through thirdcolors may be assigned to the second patterns of the second layer.

In operation S160, masks are generated based on the layout on which thecolor decomposition has been completed. For example, when the secondlayer is the QPL layer, first through fourth masks corresponding to thefirst through fourth colors, respectively, may be generated. As anotherexample, when the second layer is the TPL layer, first through thirdmasks corresponding to the first through third colors, respectively, maybe generated.

In operation S180, a semiconductor device in which the integratedcircuit is implemented is manufactured by using the generated pluralityof masks. For example, the semiconductor device is formed by performingvarious semiconductor processes on a semiconductor substrate, such as awafer, etc., by using the plurality of masks. For example, the processusing the masks may be a patterning process with lithography. In thepatterning process, a desired pattern may be formed on the semiconductorsubstrate or a material layer. In addition, the semiconductor processmay include a deposition process, an etching process, an ion process, acleansing process, etc. In addition, the semiconductor process mayinclude a packaging process including mounting a semiconductor device ona printed circuit board (PCB) and sealing the semiconductor device via asealing member. In addition, the semiconductor process may include atest process including testing the semiconductor device or thesemiconductor package.

FIG. 2A shows an integrated circuit 100 a according to a comparativeembodiment.

Referring to FIG. 2A, the integrated circuit 100 a includes firstthrough third lower patterns LPa through LPc extending in a firstdirection (for example, a direction Y), first and second vias Va and Vb,and first through third upper patterns UPa through UPc extending in asecond direction (for example, a direction X) perpendicular to the firstdirection. The first and second vias Va and Vb are arranged on the firstand second lower patterns LPa and LPb, respectively, and the first andsecond upper patterns UPa and UPb are arranged on the first and secondvias Va and Vb, respectively. A width Wp of the first through thirdlower patterns LPa through LPc and a width Wv of the first and secondvias Va and Vb are the same. The first via Va and the first lowerpattern LPa are aligned with each other, and the second via Vb and thesecond lower pattern LPb are aligned with each other.

For example, a space Sa between the first and second upper patterns UPaand UPb may be less than a minimum space between patterns to which thesame color is assigned. Here, when the same color is assigned to thefirst and second upper patterns UPa and UPb, a color violation or acolor conflict may occur between the first and second upper patterns UPaand UPb. Thus, to assign the same color to the first and second upperpatterns UPa and UPb, the space Sa between the first and second upperpatterns UPa and UPb needs to be increased, and thus, an area of theintegrated circuit 100 a in the second direction X may be increased.

As another example, the space Sa between the first and second upperpatterns UPa and UPb may be less than a minimum space between patternsto which different colors are assigned. Here, even when different colorsare assigned to the first and second upper patterns UPa and UPb, a colorviolation may occur between the first and second upper patterns UPa andUPb. Thus, even when different colors are assigned to the first andsecond upper patterns UPa and UPb, the space Sa between the first andsecond upper patterns UPa and UPb needs to be increased, and thus, thearea of the integrated circuit 100 a in the second direction X may beincreased.

FIG. 2B shows an integrated circuit 100 b according to an exemplaryembodiment of the inventive concept.

Referring to FIG. 2B, the integrated circuit 100 b may include a lowerlayer including first through third lower patterns 111 through 113,first and second vias 121 and 122, and an upper layer including firstthrough third upper patterns 131 through 133. The first through thirdlower patterns 111 through 113 may extend in a first direction (forexample, a direction Y), and the first through third upper patterns 131through 133 may extend in a second direction (for example, a directionX) perpendicular to the first direction.

A length of an edge of each pattern in a width direction may be a“width.” For example, a length of an edge of each of the first throughthird lower patterns 111 through 113 in the second direction may be a“width,” and the first through third lower patterns 111 through 113 havefirst through third widths Wa through Wc, respectively. The first andsecond widths Wa and Wb may be greater than the third width Wc, andthus, the first and second lower patterns 111 and 112 may be referred toas “wide patterns.” According to an exemplary embodiment of theinventive concept, the first and second widths Wa and Wb may be thesame. According to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, thefirst and second widths Wa and Wb may be different from each other.According to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, the thirdwidth Wc may be the same as the width Wp of FIG. 2A. According to anexemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, the third width Wc may bedifferent from the width Wp of FIG. 2A.

The first via 121 may not be aligned with a center of the first lowerpattern 111. For example, the first via 121 may be arranged on an edgeregion of the first lower pattern 111. Here, the edge region maycorrespond to a region adjacent to an edge of the first lower patternthat extends in the first direction, the edge being far from the secondlower pattern 112. The second via 122 may not be aligned with a centerof the second lower pattern 112. For example, the second via 122 may bearranged on an edge region of the second lower pattern 112. Here, theedge region may correspond to a region adjacent to an edge of the secondlower pattern 112 that extends in the first direction, the edge beingfar from the first lower pattern 111. The first and second vias 121 and122 may have via widths Wv in the second direction X, and the via widthsWv may be less than the first and second widths Wa and Wb. According toan exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, the first and secondvias 121 and 122 may be arranged in a routing operation.

The first upper pattern 131 may be arranged on the first via 121, andthe second upper pattern 132 may be arranged on the second via 122. Thefirst and second upper patterns 131 and 132 may be arranged on the sametrack and adjacent to each other in the second direction X. The thirdupper pattern 133 may be adjacent to the first and second upper patterns131 and 132 in the first direction Y. According to an exemplaryembodiment of the inventive concept, the first through third upperpatterns 131 through 133 may be arranged in the routing operation.

According to the present embodiment, the first and second lower patterns111 and 112 may be the wide patterns having the first and second widthsWa and Wb that are relatively great. For example, the first and secondwidths Wa and Wb may be greater than the via width Wv. Accordingly, toincrease a space Sb between the first and second upper patterns 131 and132, the first and second vias 121 and 122 may be arranged on the edgeregions of the first and second lower patterns 111 and 112,respectively.

According to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, a firstcolor corresponding to a first mask may be assigned to the first upperpattern 131, and a second color corresponding to a second mask may beassigned to the second upper pattern 132. Here, the space Sb between thefirst and second upper patterns 131 and 132 may be equal to or greaterthan a minimum space between patterns to which different colors areassigned, and thus, a color violation may not occur between the firstand second upper patterns 131 and 132. However, the present inventiveconcept is not limited thereto. In exemplary embodiments of theinventive concept, when the space Sb between the first and second upperpatterns 131 and 132 is equal to or greater than a minimum space betweenpatterns to which the same color is assigned, the same color may beassigned to the first and second upper patterns 131 and 132.

FIG. 2C shows an integrated circuit 100 c according to an exemplaryembodiment of the inventive concept.

Referring to FIG. 2C, the integrated circuit 100 c may include a lowerlayer including first through third lower patterns 111, 112, and 113′,the first and second vias 121 and 122, and an upper layer includingfirst through third upper patterns 131 through 133. The integratedcircuit 100 c may correspond to a modified embodiment of the integratedcircuit 100 b of FIG. 2B, and thus, the same description will not berepeated. The integrated circuit 100 c may include the third lowerpattern 113′ rather than the third lower pattern 113 of FIG. 2B. Thethird lower pattern 113′ may have a third width Wc′ in the seconddirection X, and the third width Wc′ may be greater than the third widthWc of FIG. 2B. Thus, all of the first through third lower patterns 111,112, and 113′ may be wide patterns. According to an exemplary embodimentof the inventive concept, the first through third widths Wa, Wb, and Wc′may be the same. According to an exemplary embodiment of the inventiveconcept, at least two of the first through third widths Wa, Wb, and Wc′may be different from each other. According to the present embodiment, aspace Sc between the first and second upper patterns 131 and 132 may begreater than the space Sb of FIG. 2B.

FIG. 3 shows an integrated circuit 200 according to an exemplaryembodiment of the inventive concept. For example, the integrated circuit200 may be an example of the result of operation S140 (colordecomposition) of FIG. 1.

Referring to FIG. 3, the integrated circuit 200 may include a lowerlayer M1 including first through third lower patterns M1 a through M1 c,first and second vias V1 a and V1 b, and an upper layer M2 includingfirst through third upper patterns M2 a through M2 c. The lower layer M1may be an example of the lower layer of FIG. 2B. For example, the lowerlayer M1 may correspond to a first metal layer (or may be referred to as“a first wiring layer”) on a gate electrode or an active region. Theupper layer M2 may be an example of the upper layer of FIG. 2B. Forexample, the upper layer M2 may correspond to a second metal layer (ormay be referred to as “a second wiring layer”) on the first metal layer.Hereinafter, the present inventive concept will be described withreference to an embodiment in which the lower layer M1 is the firstmetal layer and the upper layer M2 is the second metal layer. However,the present inventive concept is not limited thereto, and the upperlayer M2 may be a wiring layer arranged via a routing operation.

At least some of the first through third lower patterns M1 a through M1c may extend in a first direction (for example, a direction Y). Forexample, the first and third lower patterns M1 a and M1 c may extend inthe first direction Y, and the second lower pattern M1 b may have aportion extending in the first direction Y and a portion extending in asecond direction (for example, a direction X) perpendicular to the firstdirection. A length of the first through third lower patterns M1 athrough M1 c in the second direction X will be referred to as a width.The first through third lower patterns M1 a through M1 c have firstthrough third widths W1 through W3, respectively.

According to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, the firstthrough third lower patterns M1 a through M1 c may be pre-defined in astandard cell SC. The standard cell SC may be defined by a cell boundaryCBD, and the cell boundary CBD may include first and second boundariesBD1 and BD2 extending in the first direction Y. However, the presentinventive concept is not limited thereto. The first through third lowerpatterns M1 a through M1 c may be changed in a placement operation(S100) and a routing operation (S120). For example, at least one of thefirst through third widths W1 through W3 may be changed in the placementoperation and the routing operation.

According to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, the firstwidth W1 may be greater than the second width W2, and the second widthW2 may be greater than the third width W3. However, the presentinventive concept is not limited thereto. In exemplary embodiments ofthe inventive concept, the first and second widths W1 and W2 may be thesame, and may be greater than the third width W3. In exemplaryembodiments of the inventive concept, the first and second widths W1 andW2 may be different from each other, and may be greater than the thirdwidth W3. In exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept, the firstthrough third widths W1 through W3 may be the same, and may be greaterthan a width of lower patterns included in the lower layer M1 of anotherstandard cell placed to be adjacent to the standard cell SC.

The first via V1 a may be arranged on the first lower pattern M1 a andthe second via V1 b may be arranged on the second lower pattern M1 b.The first via V1 a may be arranged in an edge region of the first lowerpattern M1 a, the edge region being adjacent to the first boundary BD1.The second via V1 b may be arranged in an edge region of the secondlower pattern M1 b, the edge region being adjacent to the secondboundary BD2. The first and second vias V1 a and V1 b may have a viawidth Wv in the second direction X, and the via width Wv may be lessthan the first and second widths W1 and W2. According to an exemplaryembodiment of the inventive concept, the first and second vias V1 a andV1 b may be arranged on the standard cell SC in a routing operation.

The first upper pattern M2 a may be arranged on the first via V1 a andthe second upper pattern M2 b may be arranged on the second via V1 b.The first and second upper patterns M2 a and M2 b may be arranged on thesame track and may be adjacent to each other in the second direction X.The third upper pattern M2 c may be adjacent to the first upper patternM2 a in the first direction Y. According to an exemplary embodiment ofthe inventive concept, the first through third upper patterns M2 athrough M2 c may be arranged on the standard cell SC in the routingoperation.

FIG. 3 illustrates that an end of the first upper pattern M2 acorresponds to an edge of the first lower pattern M1 a, the edge beingclose to the second boundary BD2, and an end of the second upper patternM2 b corresponds to an edge of the second lower pattern M1 b, the edgebeing close to the first boundary BD1. However, this is merelyexemplary, and the present inventive concept is not limited thereto. Inexemplary embodiments of the inventive concept, the end of the firstupper pattern M2 a may extend further toward the second boundary BD2beyond the edge of the first lower pattern M1 a, and the end of thesecond upper pattern M2 b may extend further toward the first boundaryBD1 beyond the edge of the second lower pattern M1 b.

According to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, a firstcolor corresponding to a first mask may be assigned to the first upperpattern M2 a, and a second color corresponding to a second mask may beassigned to the second upper pattern M2 b. Here, a space SP between thefirst and second upper patterns M2 a and M2 b may be equal to or greaterthan a minimum space between patterns to which different colors areassigned, and thus, a color violation may not occur between the firstand second upper patterns M2 a and M2 b. However, the present inventiveconcept is not limited thereto. In exemplary embodiments of theinventive concept, when the space SP between the first and second upperpatterns M2 a and M2 b is equal to or greater than a minimum spacebetween patterns to which the same color is assigned, the same color maybe assigned to the first and second upper patterns M2 a and M2 b.

FIGS. 4A through 4C show integrated circuits 300 a through 300 cincluding a layer for marking a location of the first and second lowerpatterns M1 a and M1 b, on which a via may be arranged, according to anexemplary embodiment of the inventive concept. For example, theintegrated circuits 300 a through 300 c may be examples of the result ofoperation S100 (placement) of FIG. 1.

Referring to FIG. 4A, the integrated circuit 300 a may include astandard cell SCa, and the standard cell SCa may include the firstthrough third lower patterns M1 a through M1 c. In addition, theintegrated circuit 300 a may further include a power voltage line VDDand a ground voltage line VSS, and the power voltage line VDD and theground voltage line VSS may be formed in the same layer as the firstthrough third lower patterns M1 a through M1 c. The standard cell SCamay further include a first marking layer ML1 a for marking a locationof the first lower pattern M1 a, on which a via (for example, the via V1a of FIG. 3) may be arranged, and a second marking layer ML1 b formarking a location of the second lower pattern M1 b, on which a via (forexample, the via V1 b of FIG. 3) may be arranged.

The first marking layer ML1 a may be generated on the first lowerpattern M1 a to extend in the first direction Y, and a width of thefirst marking layer ML1 a in the second direction X may be substantiallythe same as the first width W1. The second marking layer ML1 b may begenerated on the second lower pattern M1 b to have a portion extendingin the first direction Y and a portion extending in the second directionX. Here, a width of the portion extending in the first direction Y maybe substantially the same as the second width W2. When a mask ismanufactured based on the first lower pattern M1 a, a first lowerpattern on an actual mask may have two rounded ends, unlike the firstlower pattern M1 a in the layout. The rounded ends may be due to aoptical proximity effect. Thus, the first marking layer ML1 a may beformed to be shorter than the first lower pattern M1 a. In this case,the via is not located at both ends of the first lower pattern M1 a.

Referring to FIG. 4B, the integrated circuit 300 b may correspond to amodified embodiment of FIG. 4A, and a standard cell SCb may includefirst and second marking layers ML2 a and ML2 b rather than the firstand second marking layers ML1 a and ML1 b of FIG. 4A. The first markinglayer ML2 a may mark a region of the first lower pattern M1 a, on whichthe via (for example, the via V1 a of FIG. 3) is preferentiallyarranged, and the second marking layer ML2 b may mark a region of thesecond lower pattern M1 b, on which the via (for example, the via V1 bof FIG. 3) is preferentially arranged.

The first marking layer ML2 a may be generated on a left edge region ofthe first lower pattern M1 a, the left edge region being close to thefirst boundary BD1. The first marking layer ML2 a may extend in thefirst direction Y. A width of the first marking layer ML2 a in thesecond direction X may be less than the first width W1. The secondmarking layer ML2 b may include a portion extending in the firstdirection Y and a portion extending in the second direction X. Theportion of the second marking layer ML2 b extending in the firstdirection Y may be generated on a right edge region of the second lowerpattern M1 b, the right edge region being close to the second boundaryBD2. A width of the portion of the second marking layer ML2 b extendingin the first direction Y may be less than the second width W2.

Referring to FIG. 4C, the integrated circuit 300 c may correspond to amodified embodiment of FIG. 4A, and a standard cell SCc may includefirst and second obstacle marking layers OMLa and OMLb rather than thefirst and second marking layers ML1 a and ML1 b of FIG. 4A. The firstobstacle marking layer OMLa may mark a via arrangement prohibitionregion on the first lower pattern M1 a, and the second obstacle markinglayer OMLb may mark a via arrangement prohibition region on the secondlower pattern M1 b.

The first obstacle marking layer OMLa may be generated on a right edgeregion of the first lower pattern M1 a, the right edge region being farfrom the first boundary BD1. The first obstacle marking layer OMLa mayextend in the first direction Y. A width of the first obstacle markinglayer OMLa in the second direction X may be less than the first widthW1. The second obstacle marking layer OMLb may be generated on a leftedge region of the second lower pattern M1 b, the left edge region beingfar from the second boundary BD2. The second obstacle marking layer OMLbmay extend in the first direction Y. A width of the second obstaclemarking layer OMLb in the second direction X may be less than the secondwidth W2.

FIGS. 5A through 5C are layouts for describing a routing operationaccording to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept. FIG. 5Ashows a routing result with respect to the first lower pattern M1 a,FIG. 5B shows a routing result with respect to the third lower patternM1 c, and FIG. 5C shows a routing result with respect to the secondlower pattern M1 b. According to the present embodiment, the first andsecond lower patterns M1 a and M1 b may be wide patterns, and the firstand second vias V1 a and V1 b may be arranged on edge regions of thefirst and second lower patterns M1 a and M1 b, respectively.

For example, integrated circuits 400 a through 400 c may be examples ofthe result of operation S120 (routing) of FIG. 1, and may correspond torouting results with respect to the standard cell SC of FIG. 3. Thus,the descriptions given with reference to FIGS. 1 and 3 may be applied tothe present embodiment. For example, first through fifth tracks TR1through TR5 may be located on the standard cell SC. However, the presentinventive concept is not limited thereto, and the number of tracks onthe standard cell SC may vary. According to the present embodiment, anavailable pin (AP) indicates a location on which a via may be arranged,and a dead pin (DP) indicates a location on which a via may not bearranged.

In the integrated circuit 400 a, the first via V1 a may be arranged onan available pin AP of the third track TR3 from an available pin AP onthe first lower pattern M1 a. The first via V1 a is arranged on the edgeregion adjacent to the first boundary BD1, and thus, an end of the firstupper pattern M2 a may be close to the first boundary BD1. Accordingly,in the third track TR3, to obtain a minimum different color space, onlyan available pin AP on the third lower pattern M1 c from the second andthird lower patterns M1 b and M1 c is changed to a dead pin DP. Thus,the number of available pins APs on the third lower pattern M1 cremaining is two, and the number of available pins APs on the secondlower pattern M1 b is five.

In the integrated circuit 400 b, a third via V1 c may be arranged on anavailable pin AP of the fourth track TR4 from two available pins APs onthe third lower pattern M1 c. Accordingly, in the fourth track TR4, toobtain a minimum different color space, an available pin AP on thesecond lower pattern M1 b is changed to a dead pin DP. Thus, the numberof available pins APs remaining on the second lower pattern M1 b isfour.

In the integrated circuit 400 c, the second via V1 b may be arranged onan available pin AP of the third track TR3 from among four availablepins APs on the second lower pattern M1 b. The second via V1 b isarranged on the edge region adjacent to the second boundary BD2, andthus, an end of the second upper pattern M2 b may be close to the secondboundary BD2. Thus, a space between the first and second upper patternsM2 a and M2 b may be equal to or greater than a minimum different colorspace. After the arrangement of the first through third vias V1 athrough V1 c, available routing track resources are three, in otherwords, the first, second, and fifth tracks TR1, TR2, and TR5, and thus,the degree of freedom of a routing operation may be relatively great.

FIGS. 6A through 6C are layouts for describing a routing operationaccording to a comparative embodiment. FIGS. 6A through 6C show routingresults with respect to the first lower pattern M1 a, the third lowerpattern M1 c, and the second lower pattern M1 b, respectively. Accordingto the present comparative embodiment, the first and second vias V1 aand V1 b may be arranged on central regions of the first and secondlower patterns M1 a and M1 b, respectively.

In an integrated circuit 500 a, the first via V1 a is arranged on anavailable pin AP of the third track TR3 from available pins APs on thefirst lower pattern M1 a. The first via V1 a is arranged on the centralregion of the first lower pattern M1 a, and thus, an end of the firstupper pattern M2 a may be closer to the second boundary BD2, than thecase of FIG. 5A. Accordingly, all available pins APs on the second andthird lower patterns M1 b and M1 c on the third track TR3 are changed todead pins DPs. Thus, the number of available pins APs on the third lowerpattern M1 c is two, and the number of available pins APs on the secondlower pattern M1 b is four.

In an integrated circuit 500 b, the third via V1 c is arranged on anavailable pin AP of the fourth track TR4 from two available pins APs onthe third lower pattern M1 c, and thus, the available pin AP on thesecond lower pattern M1 b on the fourth track TR4 is changed to a deadpin DP. Thus, the number of available pins APs on the second lowerpattern M1 b is three. In an integrated circuit 500 c, the second via V1b is arranged on an available pin AP on the second track TR2 from threeavailable pins APs on the second lower pattern M1 b. Thus, after thefirst through third vias V1 a through V1 c are arranged, availablerouting track resources are two, in other words, the first and fifthtracks TR1 and TR5, and thus, the degree of freedom of a routingoperation may be relatively less.

FIG. 7 shows a standard cell 600 according to an exemplary embodiment ofthe inventive concept.

Referring to FIG. 7, the standard cell 600 may include first and secondactive regions AR1 and AR2, first and second gate lines GL1 and GL2,gate contacts CB, source/drain contacts CA, vias V0, and the firstthrough third lower patterns M1 a through M1 c. The standard cell 600according to the present embodiment is a detailed embodiment of thestandard cell 200 illustrated in FIG. 3, and thus, the same descriptionwill not be repeated.

The first and second active regions AR1 and AR2 may extend in a seconddirection (for example, a direction X), and may have differentconductive types. The first and second active regions AR1 and AR2 may bediffusion regions. Here, a region between the first active region AR1and the second active region AR2 may be a dummy region or a middle ofline (MOL) region. A plurality of active pins extending in the seconddirection X may be arranged on the first and second active regions AR1and AR2, and at least one dummy pin extending in the second direction Xmay be arranged on the dummy region. For example, the active pinsarranged on the first active region AR1 may be included in an n-typemetal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) transistor, and the active pinsarranged on the second active region AR2 may be included in a p-typemetal oxide semiconductor (PMOS) transistor. The source/drain contactsCA may be arranged on the first and second active regions AR1 and AR2 toextend in the first direction Y. For example, each of the source/draincontacts CA may be arranged between two adjacent gate lines. Here, thesource/drain contacts CA may correspond to source/drain contacts of asemiconductor device.

The first and second gate lines GL1 and GL2 may extend across the firstand second active regions AR1 and AR2 in the first direction Y and maybe arranged in parallel to each other in the second direction X. Thefirst and second gate lines GL1 and GL2 may correspond to gateelectrodes of the semiconductor device. The gate contacts CB may bearranged on the first and second gate lines GL1 and GL2, respectively,between the first and second active regions AR1 and AR2. Here, the gatecontacts CB may correspond to gate contacts of the semiconductor device.The vias V0 may be arranged on the gate contacts CB, respectively. Thefirst through third lower patterns M1 a through M1 c may correspond tothe first through third lower patterns M1 a through M1 c of FIG. 3.

FIG. 8 is an integrated circuit (IC) layout 700 according to anexemplary embodiment of the inventive concept.

Referring to FIG. 8, the integrated circuit layout 700 may include thefirst and second active regions AR1 and AR2, the first and second gatelines GL1 and GL2, the gate contacts CB, the source/drain contacts CA,the vias V0, the first through third lower patterns M1 a through M1 c,the first and second vias V1 a and V1 b, and the first and second upperpatterns M2 a and M2 b. The IC layout 700 according to the presentembodiment is an example of a routing result with respect to thestandard cell 600 illustrated in FIG. 7, and thus, the same descriptionwill not be repeated.

The integrated circuit layout 700 may be generated by performing arouting operation whereby the first and second vias V1 a and V1 b andthe first and second upper patterns M2 a and M2 b are arranged on thestandard cell 600 of FIG. 7. For example, the first via V1 a may bearranged on a left edge region of the first lower pattern M1 a, which isadjacent to the first boundary BD1, and the second via V1 b may bearranged on a right edge region of the second lower pattern M1 b, whichis adjacent to the second boundary BD2. Next, the first upper pattern M2a may be arranged on the first via V1 a and the second upper pattern M2b may be arranged on the second via V1 b.

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view taken along a line IX-IX′ of FIG. 8,according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept. Asemiconductor device 800 illustrated in FIG. 9 may be an example of asemiconductor device manufactured according to the IC layout 700 of FIG.8.

Referring to FIG. 9, a substrate SUB may be a semiconductor substrate.For example, the semiconductor substrate may be any one of asilicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate, silicon-on-sapphire, germanium,silicon-germanium, and gallium-arsenide. A device separation layer STImay be arranged on the substrate SUB and a first insulating layer ILD1may be arranged on the device separation layer STI. The first insulatinglayer ILD1 may include an insulating material. For example, theinsulating material may include any one of an oxide layer, a nitridelayer, and an oxynitride layer.

The first and second gate lines GL1 and GL2 may be arranged on thedevice separation layer STI. The first and second gate lines GL1 and GL2may include, for example, a metal material, such as tungsten (W) ortantalum (Ta), a nitride thereof, a silicide thereof, doped polysilicon,or the like. For example, the first and second gate lines GL1 and GL2may be formed by using a deposition process. The gate contacts CB may bearranged on the first and second gate lines GL1 and GL2, respectively,and the vias V0 may be arranged on the gate contacts CB, respectively.The gate contacts CB and the vias V0 may include, for example, amaterial having electrical conductivity, such as W.

The lower layer M1 including the first through third lower patterns M1 athrough M1 c may be arranged on a second insulating layer ILD2 and thevias V0. The first width W1 of the first lower pattern M1 a may begreater than the second width W2 of the second lower pattern M1 b, andthe second width W2 of the second lower pattern M1 b may be greater thanthe third width W3 of the third lower pattern M1 c. Here, the first andsecond lower patterns M1 a and M1 b may be referred to as wide patterns,and the third lower pattern M1 c may be referred to as a normal pattern.

The first and second vias V1 a and V1 b may be arranged on a thirdinsulating layer ILD3 and the lower layer M1. The width Wv of the firstvia V1 a may be less than the first width W1, and the first via V1 a maynot be aligned with a center of the first lower pattern M1 a. Forexample, the first via V1 a may be arranged on a left edge region of thefirst lower pattern M1 a. The width Wv of the second via V1 b may beless than the second width W2, and the second via V1 b may not bealigned with a center of the second lower pattern M1 b. For example, thesecond via V1 b may be arranged on a right edge region of the secondlower pattern M1 b.

The first and second upper patterns M2 a and M2 b may be arranged on afourth insulating layer ILD4 and the first and second vias V1 a and V1b. The first upper pattern M2 a may be arranged on the first via V1 aand the second upper pattern M2 b may be arranged on the second via V1b. According to the present embodiment, since the first and second viasV1 a and V1 b are respectively arranged on the edge regions of the firstand second lower patterns M1 a and M1 b which are wide patterns, adistance between the first and second vias V1 a and V1 b may increase,compared to a case in which the first and second vias V1 a and V1 b arearranged to be aligned to, for example, the centers of normal patterns.Thus, the space SP between the first and second upper patterns M2 a andM2 b may be equal to or greater than a different color space, which is aminimum space between patterns to which different colors are assigned.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart of a method of designing an integrated circuit,according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept.

Referring to FIG. 10, the operation of designing the integrated circuitaccording to the present embodiment may be performed by using a tool fordesigning the integrated circuit. Here, the tool for designing theintegrated circuit may be a program including a plurality ofinstructions that are executed by a processor. Accordingly, the methodof designing the integrated circuit may be referred to as acomputer-implemented method for designing the integrated circuit.Hereinafter, the present embodiment will be described with reference toFIGS. 7, 8, and 10 together.

In operation S210, standard cells including a first standard cell areplaced based on IC design data defining the integrated circuit. Forexample, the first standard cell may be the standard cell 600 of FIG. 7,and a width of at least one of the first and second lower patterns M1 aand M1 b of the first standard cell 600 may be greater than a width of alower pattern of another standard cell from among the arranged standardcells.

In operation S230, a layout of the integrated circuit is generated byperforming routing with respect to the placed standard cells. Forexample, the routing may be performed by arranging the first and secondvias V1 a and V1 b on the first and second lower patterns M1 a and M1 b,and arranging an upper layer including the first and second upperpatterns M2 a and M2 b on the first and second vias V1 a and V1 b. Thus,the integrated circuit layout 700 of FIG. 8 may be generated. Forexample, operations S210 and S230 may be performed by a processor byusing a placement and routing (P&R) tool.

In operation S250, the generated layout is stored to a computer-readablestorage medium. Here, the computer-readable storage medium may includeany storage medium having data which may be read by a computer during anoperation of providing instructions and/or data to the computer. Forexample, the computer-readable storage medium may include a magnetic oroptical medium, such as a disk, a tape, compact disc (CD)-read-onlymemory (ROM), digital video disc (DVD)-ROM, CD-recordable (R),CD-rewritable (RW), DVD-R, DVD-RW, etc., a volatile or nonvolatilememory, such as random access memory (RAM), ROM, a flash memory, etc., anonvolatile memory accessible via a universal serial bus (USB)interface, a microelectromechanical system (MEMS), etc. Thecomputer-readable storage medium may be inserted into a computer,integrated into a computer, or coupled to a computer via a communicationmedium, such as a network and/or a wireless link.

After operation S250, output data defining the integrated circuit, inother words, layout data may be provided to the semiconductor processmodule. Here, the output data may have a format including all layoutinformation of the standard cells, in other words, pattern informationof all layers. For example, the output data may have the graphic designsystem (GDS) II format. Alternatively, the output data may have a formatincluding external information of the standard cells, such as a pin ofthe standard cells. For example, the output data may have the LibraryExchange Format (LEF) format or the Milkyway format.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a computing system 10 for designing anintegrated circuit, according to an exemplary embodiment of theinventive concept.

Referring to FIG. 11, the computing system 10 for designing anintegrated circuit (hereinafter, referred to as an “integrated circuitdesign system”) may include a processor 11, a memory 13, an input/outputdevice 15, a storage device 17, and a bus 19. The integrated circuitdesign system 10 may perform the method of designing the integratedcircuit of FIG. 10. According to the present embodiment, the integratedcircuit design system 10 may be implemented as an integrated device, andthus, may also be an integrated circuit design device. The integratedcircuit design system 10 may be provided as an exclusive device fordesigning the integrated circuit of a semiconductor device. However, theintegrated circuit design system 10 may be a computer for drivingvarious simulation tools or design tools.

The processor 11 may be configured to execute instructions forperforming at least one of various operations for designing theintegrated circuit. The processor 11 may communicate, via the bus 19,with the memory 13, the input/output device 15, and the storage device17. To execute an operation of designing the integrated circuit, theprocessor 11 may drive a P&R module 13 a loaded to the memory 13, and toexecute a color decomposition operation with respect to patternsincluded in a layer to which MPL, TPL, or QPL is to be applied, theprocessor 11 may drive a color decomposition module 13 b loaded to thememory 13.

The memory 13 may store programs including instructions for performingplacement and routing operations for designing the integrated circuit,and for performing the color decomposition operation. According to anexemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, the memory 13 may storethe P&R module 13 a and the color decomposition module 13 b, and the P&Rmodule 13 a and the color decomposition module 13 b may be loaded to thememory 13 from the storage device 17. The P&R module 13 a may be, forexample, a program including instructions for performing the placementoperation according to operation S100 of FIG. 1 and for performing thecolorless routing operation according to operation S120 of FIG. 1. Thecolor decomposition module 13 b may be, for example, a program includinginstructions for performing the color decomposition operation accordingto operation S140 of FIG. 1. However, the present inventive concept isnot limited thereto, and the memory 13 may further store variousmodules, such as a timing analysis module, a simulation module, etc. Thememory 13 may be a volatile memory, such as static random-access memory(SRAM) or dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), or a nonvolatile memory,such as phase-change random-access memory (PRAM), magnetic random-accessmemory (MRAM), resistive random-access memory (ReRAM), ferroelectricrandom-access memory (FRAM), a flash memory, etc.

The input/output device 15 may control a user input or an output withrespect to user interface devices. For example, the input/output device15 may include an input device, such as a keyboard, a mouse, a touchpad,etc., and may receive integrated circuit design data. For example, theinput/output device 15 may include an output device, such as a display,a speaker, etc., and may display an arrangement result, a wiring result,or a color decomposition result. The storage device 17 may store variousdata related to the P&R module 13 a and the color decomposition module13 b. The storage device 17 may include a memory card (multimedia card(MMC), embedded multimedia card (eMMC), secure digital (SD), MicroSD,etc.), a solid state drive (SSD), a hard disk drive (HDD), etc.

FIG. 12 illustrates a program stored in the memory 13 of FIG. 11,according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept.

Referring to FIG. 12, the program stored in the memory 13 may include aplurality of procedures PRC. Here, the procedures PRC may be a series ofinstructions for performing specific tasks. The procedures PRC may alsobe a function, a routine, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. According tothe present embodiment, the procedures PRC may include a placer PLC, arouter RT, and a color decomposer CD. The processor 11 of FIG. 11performing an operation by executing one of the procedures PRC, in otherwords, PLC, RT, or CD, may also be referred to as the procedures PLC,RT, or CD performing the operation.

The storage device 17 may store a cell library 17 a, a technology file17 b, a quadruple patterning (QP) rule 17 c, and a layout DB 17 d. Thecell library 17 a may store information with respect to a standard cellthat is necessary to generate a layout of an integrated circuit, and maybe a standard cell library. The technology file 17 b may store rules andmaterials that are used in a process of manufacturing the integratedcircuit. For example, the technology file 17 b may store a layerdefinition, a device definition, design rules, etc. The QP rule 17 c maystore a patterning rule with respect to a QPL layer. The layout DB 17 dmay store information with respect to a layout generated in theprocedures PRC, for example, physical information about the layout.

The placer PLC may place standard cells based on integrated circuit (IC)design data D10. For example, the placer PLC may perform the placementoperation by accessing the cell library 17 a. The placer PLC may placethe standard cells such that a width of at least one of the first andsecond lower patterns (for example, the lower patterns M1 a and M1 b ofFIG. 7) included in the lower layer of the placed standard cell, andextending in the first direction, may be greater than a width of theother lower pattern included in the lower layer.

The router RT may generate a layout by performing routing with respectto the standard cells placed by the placer PLC. For example, the routerRT may perform routing based on the technology file 17 b. The router RTmay arrange the first and second vias (for example, the first and secondvias V1 a and V1 b of FIG. 8) on the first and second lower patterns,respectively, and arrange the upper layer including the first and secondupper patterns (for example, the first and second upper patterns M2 aand M2 b of FIG. 8) arranged on the first and second vias V1 a and V1 b,respectively, to be adjacent to be each other in the second direction.In addition, the router RT may arrange the first and second vias V1 aand V1 b on edge regions of the first and second lower patterns,respectively, such that a space between the first and second upperpatterns increases.

The color decomposer CD may assign first through fourth colorscorresponding to first through fourth masks, respectively, to patternsincluded in a layer to which QPL is to be applied, based on thegenerated layout. For example, the color decomposer CD may perform colordecomposition based on the QP rule 17 c. According to an exemplaryembodiment of the inventive concept, the color decomposer CD may assignthe first and second colors respectively to the first and second upperpatterns arranged on a first track, and assign the third and fourthcolors respectively to the third and fourth upper patterns arranged on asecond track.

FIG. 13 is a flowchart of a method of designing an integrated circuit,according to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept.

Referring to FIG. 13, the method of designing the integrated circuitaccording to the present embodiment may correspond to a modifiedembodiment of the method illustrated in FIG. 10. For example, ascompared with the method illustrated in FIG. 10, the method of FIG. 13may further include operation S240. In operation S240, colordecomposition is performed with respect to patterns included in a layerto which QPL is to be applied, in other words, with respect to QPL layerpatterns. For example, operation S240 may be performed by a processor byusing a color decomposition tool. For example, the color decompositionmay be performed in a data preparation operation. As another example,the color decomposition may also be performed in a design rule check(DRC) operation. However, the present inventive concept is not limitedthereto, and the color decomposition may be performed in a routingoperation. Operation S240 will be described later with reference toFIGS. 14 through 18.

FIG. 14 shows an example of a layout 900 generated via colordecomposition with respect to a QPL layer, according to an exemplaryembodiment of the inventive concept.

Referring to FIG. 14, the layout 900 may include a first metal layer Maincluding a plurality of first metal patterns 911 through 915 extendingin a first direction Y, first vias V1 arranged on the first metal layerMa, and a second metal layer Mb including a plurality of second metalpatterns 931 a through 934 c arranged on the first vias V1 and extendingin a second direction X.

For example, the first metal layer Ma may correspond to the lower layerM1 of FIG. 8, and the first metal patterns 911 through 913 maycorrespond to the first through third lower patterns M1 a through M1 cof FIG. 8. For example, some of the first vias V1 may correspond to thefirst and second vias V1 a and V1 b of FIG. 8. A width of each of thefirst metal patterns 911 through 915 may be greater than a width of eachof the first vias V1. A center of each of the first vias V1 may not bealigned with a center of each of the first metal patterns 911 through915, and each of the first vias V1 may be arranged on an edge region ofeach of the first metal patterns 911 through 915.

For example, the second metal layer Mb may correspond to the upper layerM2 of FIG. 8, and the second metal patterns 931 a and 932 a maycorrespond to the first and second upper patterns M2 a and M2 b of FIG.8. Here, the second metal layer Mb may correspond to a QPL layer towhich QPL is to be applied, and first through fourth colors C1 throughC4 may be assigned to the second metal patterns 931 a through 934 c.Various examples of a color decomposition operation with respect to thesecond metal patterns 931 a through 934 c will be described in moredetail with reference to FIGS. 15, 17, and 18.

FIG. 15 is a flowchart of a method of color decomposition according toan exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept. For example, themethod of color decomposition illustrated in FIG. 15 may correspond toan example of operation S240 of FIG. 13.

Referring to FIGS. 14 and 15 together, in operation S310, the firstcolor C1 is assigned to some of patterns of the QPL layer, the patternsbeing arranged on an odd-numbered track. For example, the first color C1may be assigned to some 931 a, 931 b, and 931 c of the patterns of thesecond metal layer Mb, the patterns being arranged on odd-numberedtracks, in other words, first, third, and fifth tracks TR1, TR3, andTR5. In operation S330, the second color C2 is assigned to the rest ofthe patterns of the QPL layer, the patterns being arranged on theodd-numbered tracks. For example, the second color C2 may be assigned tothe rest 932 a, 932 b, and 932 c of the patterns of the second metallayer Mb, the patterns being arranged on the odd-numbered tracks, inother words, the first, third, and fifth tracks TR1, TR3, and TR5.

In operation S350, the third color C3 is assigned to some of patterns ofthe QPL layer, the patterns being arranged on an even-numbered track.For example, the third color C3 may be assigned to some 933 a, 933 b,and 933 c of the patterns of the second metal layer Mb, the patternsbeing arranged on even-numbered tracks, in other words, second, fourth,and sixth tracks TR2, TR4, and TR6. In operation S370, the fourth colorC4 is assigned to the rest of the patterns of the QPL layer, thepatterns being arranged on the even-numbered tracks. For example, thefourth color C4 may be assigned to the rest 934 a, 934 b, and 934 c ofthe patterns of the second metal layer Mb, the patterns being arrangedon the even-numbered tracks, in other words, the second, fourth, andsixth tracks TR2, TR4, and TR6.

FIG. 16 is a flowchart of a method of color decomposition according toan exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept. For example, themethod of color decomposition illustrated in FIG. 16 may correspond toan example of operation S240 of FIG. 13.

Referring to FIGS. 14 and 16 together, in operation S410, the firstcolor C1 is assigned to the patterns of the QPL layer, the patternsbeing arranged on the odd-numbered track. For example, the first colorC1 may be assigned to all of the patterns 931 a, 932 a, 931 b, 932 b,931 c, and 932 c of the second metal layer Mb, the patterns beingarranged on the odd-numbered tracks, in other words, the first, third,and fifth tracks TR1, TR3, and TR5. In operation S430, the third colorC3 is assigned to the patterns of the QPL layer, the patterns beingarranged on the even-numbered track. For example, the third color C3 maybe assigned to all of the patterns 933 a, 934 a, 933 b, 934 b, 933 c,and 934 c of the second metal layer Mb, the patterns being arranged onthe even-numbered tracks, in other words, the second, fourth, and sixthtracks TR2, TR4, and TR6.

In operation S450, the second color C2 is re-assigned to some of thepatterns of the QPL layer, the patterns being arranged on theodd-numbered track. For example, the second color C2 may be assigned tosome 932 a, 932 b, and 932 c of the patterns of the second metal layerMb, the patterns being arranged on the odd-numbered tracks, in otherwords, the first, third, and fifth tracks TR1, TR3, and TR5. Inoperation S470, the fourth color C4 is re-assigned to some of thepatterns of the QPL layer, the patterns being arranged on theeven-numbered track. For example, the fourth color C4 may be assigned tosome 934 a, 934 b, and 934 c of the patterns of the second metal layerMb, the patterns being arranged on the even-numbered tracks, in otherwords, the second, fourth, and sixth tracks TR2, TR4, and TR6.

FIG. 17 is a flowchart of a method of color decomposition according toan exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept. For example, themethod of color decomposition illustrated in FIG. 17 may correspond toan example of operation S240 of FIG. 13.

Referring to FIGS. 14 and 17 together, in operation S510, the firstcolor C1 is assigned to the patterns of the QPL layer, the patternsbeing arranged on the odd-numbered track. In operation S520, the thirdcolor C3 is assigned to the patterns of the QPL layer, the patternsbeing arranged on the even-numbered track. In operation S530, it isdetermined whether a color violation occurs. When a color violationoccurs, operation S550 is performed, and when a color violation does notoccur, the operation is completed. In operation S540, it is determinedwhether a color violation occurs. When a color violation occurs,operation S560 is performed, and when a color violation does not occur,the operation is completed. In operation S550, the color of the patternsin which the color violation occurs is remapped as the second color C2.In operation S560, the color of the patterns in which the colorviolation occurs is remapped as the fourth color C4.

FIG. 18 shows a case in which a layout 1000 generated according to anexemplary embodiment of the inventive concept is re-used in otherexposure apparatuses.

Referring to FIG. 18, the layout 1000 may include QPL layer patterns M2to which first through fourth colors C1 through C4 are assigned. Forexample, the QPL layer patterns may correspond to the second metal layerM2 of FIG. 14. For example, the layout 1000 may be applied to ArFexposure apparatuses. The ArF exposure apparatuses may form the patternsM2 included in the layout 1000 based on a wafer, via alitho-etch-litho-etch-litho-etch-litho-etch (LELELELE) process usingfour masks.

According to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, thelayout 1000 may be corrected as a first layout 1000 a. For example, thefirst layout 1000 a may be generated by changing odd-numbered tracks ofthe QPL layer patterns M2 included in the layout 1000 as mandrel (MAN),changing even-numbered tracks of the QPL layer patterns M2 included inthe layout 1000 as non-mandrel (NMAN), and arranging cut regions CUT onthe mandrel (MAN) and the non-mandrel (NMAN). Extension regions (EXT)indicate portions extending from the mandrel (MAN) and the non-mandrel(NMAN) via the cut regions CUT. The first layout 1000 a may be appliedto self-aligned double patterning (SADP)/self-aligned quadruplepatterning (SAQP) apparatuses. The SADP/SAQP apparatuses may form thepatterns M2 included in the first layout 1000 a based on a wafer, byusing two masks.

According to an exemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, thelayout 1000 may be corrected as a second layout 1000 b. For example, thesecond layout 1000 b may be generated by changing a color of the QPLlayer patterns M2 included in the layout 1000 as, for example, the firstcolor C1. The second layout 1000 b may be applied to extreme ultraviolet(EUV) exposure apparatuses. The EUV exposure apparatuses may form thepatterns M2 included in the second layout 1000 b based on a wafer, byusing one mask.

FIGS. 19A through 19C show integrate circuits 1100 a, 1100 b, and 1100 cto which QPL is applied, according to exemplary embodiments of theinventive concept.

Referring to FIG. 19A, the integrated circuit 1100 a may include firstthrough fourth active regions ARa through ARd to which first throughfourth colors are assigned. According to the present embodiment, thefirst through fourth active regions ARa through ARd may be formed byassigning the first through fourth colors to the first through fourthactive regions ARa through ARd, respectively, and by using first throughfourth masks, without adding a cut region CUT_AR.

Referring to FIG. 19B, the integrated circuit 1100 b may include firstand second active regions AR1 and AR2, a plurality of lower gateelectrodes GL1 and a plurality of upper gate electrodes GLu. The firstand second active regions AR1 and AR2 may extend in a second direction(for example, a direction X), the plurality of lower gate electrodes GL1may extend on the first active region AR1 in a first direction (forexample, a direction Y), and the plurality of upper gate electrodes GLumay extend on the second active region AR2 in the first direction Y.According to the present embodiment, the plurality of lower gateelectrodes GL1 and the plurality of upper gate electrodes GLu may beformed by alternately assigning first and second colors to the pluralityof lower gate electrodes GL1 and alternately assigning third and fourthcolors to the plurality of upper gate electrodes GLu, and by using firstthrough fourth masks, without adding a cut region CUT_GL.

Referring to FIG. 19C, the integrated circuit 1100 c may include thefirst and second active regions AR1 and AR2, the plurality of gate linesGL, and the plurality of contacts CA. The first and second activeregions AR1 and AR2 may extend in the second direction X, the pluralityof gate electrodes GL may extend on the first and second active regionsAR1 and AR2 in the first direction Y, and the plurality of contacts CAmay be arranged on the first and second active regions AR1 and AR2.According to the present embodiment, the plurality of contacts CA may beformed by assigning the first through fourth colors C1 through C4 to theplurality of contacts CA and by using first through fourth masks.

FIG. 20 is shows a computer-readable storage medium 1200 according to anexemplary embodiment of the inventive concept. Referring to FIG. 20, thestorage medium 1200 may store a P&R program 1210, a color decompositionprogram 1220, a cell library 1230, and a technology library 1240.

The P&R program 1210 may include a plurality of instructions forexecuting the method of generating the layout of the integrated circuitaccording to exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept. Forexample, the P&R program 1210 may be used to perform operations S100 andS120 of FIG. 1 and operations S210 and S230 of FIGS. 10 and 13. Thecolor decomposition program 1220 may include a plurality of instructionsfor performing a color decomposition operation. For example, the colordecomposition program 1220 may be used to perform operation S140 of FIG.1 and operation S240 of FIG. 13.

The cell library 1230 may be a standard cell library and may includeinformation about a standard cell, which is a unit for forming anintegrated circuit. According to an exemplary embodiment of theinventive concept, the information about the standard cell may includelayout information necessary to generate a layout. According to anexemplary embodiment of the inventive concept, the information about thestandard cell may include timing information necessary for verificationor simulation of the layout. The technology library 1240 may store aplurality of technology files.

While the inventive concept has been particularly shown and describedwith reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understoodthat various changes in form and details may be made therein withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the inventive concept as definedby the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. An integrated circuit, comprising: a lower layerincluding first and second lower patterns extending in a firstdirection; a first via arranged on the first lower pattern, and a secondvia arranged on the second lower pattern; and an upper layer includingfirst and second upper patterns, wherein the first upper pattern isarranged on the first via, the second upper pattern is arranged on thesecond via, a first color is assigned to the first upper pattern, asecond color is assigned to the second upper pattern, and the first andsecond upper patterns are adjacent to each other in a second directionperpendicular to the first direction, wherein a width of the first lowerpattern in the second direction is greater than a width of the first viain the second direction, and the first via is arranged in a first edgeregion of the first lower pattern, the first edge region being fartheraway from the second lower pattern than a second edge region of thefirst lower pattern, the second edge region being opposite to the firstedge region, wherein a space between the first and second upper patternsis equal to or greater than a minimum space between patterns to whichdifferent colors are assigned.
 2. The integrated circuit of claim 1,wherein a width of the second lower pattern in the second direction isgreater than a width of the second via in the second direction, and thesecond via is arranged in a third edge region of the second lowerpattern, the third edge region being farther away from the first lowerpattern than a fourth edge region of the second lower pattern, thefourth edge region being opposite to the third edge region.
 3. Theintegrated circuit of claim 2, wherein the first edge region of thefirst lower pattern is adjacent to a first edge of the first lowerpattern, wherein the first edge extends in the first direction, and thefirst edge is farther away from the second lower pattern than a secondedge of the first lower pattern, the second edge being opposite to thefirst edge, and the third edge region of the second lower pattern isadjacent to a third edge of the second lower pattern, wherein the thirdedge extends in the first direction, and the third edge is farther awayfrom the first lower pattern than a fourth edge of the second lowerpattern, the fourth edge being opposite to the third edge.
 4. Theintegrated circuit of claim 2, further comprising: a first marking layerthat marks a region of the first lower pattern, on which the first viais arranged, and is located on first the edge region of the first lowerpattern; and a second marking layer that marks a region of the secondlower pattern, on which the second via is arranged, and is located onthe third edge region of the second lower pattern.
 5. The integratedcircuit of claim 2, further comprising: a first obstacle marking layerthat marks a prohibition region of the first via, on the first lowerpattern, and is located on the second edge region of the first lowerpattern; and a second obstacle marking layer that marks a prohibitionregion of the second via, on the second lower pattern, and is located onthe fourth edge region of the second lower pattern.
 6. The integratedcircuit of claim 1, wherein the first and second upper patterns arelocated on a first track, and the upper layer further includes third andfourth upper patterns which are located on a second track that isadjacent to the first track and extend in the second direction, andwherein a third color is assigned to the third upper pattern and afourth color is assigned to the fourth upper pattern.
 7. The integratedcircuit of claim 1, wherein the first and second upper patterns arelocated on a first track, and the upper layer further includes a thirdupper pattern which is located on a second track that is adjacent to thefirst track and extends in the second direction, and wherein a thirdcolor is assigned to the third upper pattern.
 8. The integrated circuitof claim 1, wherein the lower layer further includes a third lowerpattern extending in the first direction between the first and secondlower patterns.
 9. The integrated circuit of claim 8, wherein a width ofthe first lower pattern in the second direction is greater than a widthof the third lower pattern in the second direction.
 10. The integratedcircuit of claim 9, wherein the width of the first lower pattern in thesecond direction and a width of the second lower pattern in the seconddirection are the same.
 11. The integrated circuit of claim 9, whereinthe width of the first lower pattern in the second direction and a widthof the second lower pattern in the second direction are different fromeach other.
 12. The integrated circuit of claim 1, further comprising:first and second active regions having different conductive types andextending in the second direction; and a plurality of gate linesextending in the first direction across the first and second activeregions and arranged in parallel to one another, wherein the lower layerand the upper layer are wiring layers arranged above the plurality ofgate lines.
 13. The integrated circuit of claim 12, wherein the lowerlayer is a first metal layer arranged above the plurality of gate linesand electrically connected to the plurality of gate lines, and the upperlayer is a second metal layer arranged above the first metal layer andelectrically connected to the first metal layer.
 14. A semiconductordevice, comprising: a substrate; a lower wiring layer including a leftpattern and a right pattern arranged on the substrate to extend in afirst direction; a first via arranged on a left edge region of the leftpattern, and a second via arranged on a right edge region of the rightpattern; and an upper wiring layer including first and second upperpatterns extending in a second direction perpendicular to the firstdirection and adjacent to each other in the second direction, whereinthe first upper pattern is formed on the first via and the second upperpattern is formed on the second via, wherein a space between the firstand second upper patterns is equal to or greater than a minimum spacebetween patterns to which different colors are assigned.
 15. Thesemiconductor device of claim 14, wherein a width of the left pattern inthe second direction is greater than a width of the first via in thesecond direction, and a width of the right pattern in the seconddirection is greater than a width of the second via in the seconddirection.
 16. The semiconductor device of claim 14, wherein the lowerwiring layer further includes a central pattern extending in the firstdirection between the left pattern and the right pattern.
 17. Thesemiconductor device of claim 16, wherein a width of the left pattern orthe right pattern in the second direction is greater than a width of thecentral pattern in the second direction.
 18. The semiconductor device ofclaim 14, wherein the substrate has first and second active regionshaving different conductive types and extending in the second direction,the semiconductor device further comprising: a plurality of gate linesextending in the first direction across the first and second activeregions and arranged in parallel to one another, wherein the lowerwiring layer is a first metal layer arranged above the plurality of gatelines and electrically connected to the plurality of gate lines, and theupper wiring layer is a second metal layer arranged above the firstmetal layer and electrically connected to the first metal layer.
 19. Anintegrated circuit, comprising: first and second patterns extendinglengthwise in a first direction; a first via disposed on the firstpattern; a second via disposed on the second pattern, wherein a distanceseparating the first and second vias in a second direction crossing thefirst direction is greater than a distance separating the first andsecond patterns from each other in the second direction; a third patterndisposed on the first via, wherein the third pattern has a first color;and a fourth pattern disposed on the second via, wherein the fourthpattern has a second color, wherein a space between the third and fourthpatterns is equal to or greater than a minimum space between patterns towhich different colors are assigned.
 20. The integrated circuit of claim19, wherein the first and second patterns are disposed in the same layeras each other, and the third and fourth patterns are disposed in thesame layer as each other.